二、病歷與時態(tài)
1．現(xiàn)癥歷(present illness)：
1)A.現(xiàn)在式：表示一般的真理、職業(yè)、人格、習(xí)慣和現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)、動作或狀態(tài)。
例1：Sedentary habits often interfere with health
例2：He is mentally deranged and disoriented as to time, place, and person
例3：He gets up at 6 every morning.
B.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式（Be+ pres. p.)表示現(xiàn)在某動作正在進(jìn)行中。
例1：Both his parents are still living and well.
例2：The patients is getting worse and worse.
例3：The patients is progressively doing well.
C.表「經(jīng)常的習(xí)慣」也用進(jìn)行式，通常與always, constantly等副詞連用。
例1：He is always taking a nap in class.
例2：He is constantly forgetting peoples’ names.
例3：He is for ever complaining of headaches.
D.通常不用進(jìn)行式的動詞。
a)不隨意動詞( Verbs of involuntary actions)：
-知覺( perception)：feel, hear, notice, see, smell等。
例1：Whenever he has a cold, he can neither taste nor smell.
-知識(knowledge)：believe, (dis)agree, doubt, find, forget, know, mind, remember, think, understand等。
例1：She does not remember specific scratches which might have preceded the present lesions.
-感情( emotion)：desire, despise, disgust, fear, hate, hope, (dis)like, love, prefer, want等。
例1：He likes lobster, but it disagrees with him.
b)表示繼續(xù)狀態(tài)的動詞( Verbs of continuous state)：表示存在、所有等動
詞：appear, be, belong, consist, flow, have, hold, live, look, possess, resemble, seem等。
例1：Her fingers and hands are stiff and cyanotic.
例2：He has no discomfort and eats well.
2)A.現(xiàn)在完成式( Have+ p.p)醫(yī)學(xué).全.在線.網(wǎng).站.提供
a)表示動作的完了(completion of an action)或其結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)(present state of things)：
例1：The patient has passed the crisis. = The patient is out of danger now.
例2：He has caught cold. = He has a cold now.
注：常用的連用副詞為：all this while, (not) yet, already , just, now, by this time, today, this week( or month, year, etc.), hitherto, till now, up to( till) now, recently, lately, of late等。
比較：過去式僅表示過去的動作狀態(tài)；現(xiàn)在完成式則以表示現(xiàn)在為主。
例1：He had no appetite for food. (過去式)→表示過去某時有過食欲不振
例2：Lately he had had no appetite for food. (現(xiàn)在完成式)→表示現(xiàn)在仍然胃口不佳。
b)表示截至現(xiàn)在為止的經(jīng)驗(yàn)( experience)：
例1：He has seldom consulted a doctor in his life.
例2：He has never been treated by a doctor since he was born.
注：表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)時，常用的副詞為：ever, before, once, many times, (very) often, seldom, sometimes, in one’s time等副詞。比較：同一動詞有時表示完了，有時表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)，視其所連用的副詞而決定。
例1：He has just undergone a nephrectomy.→表示動作完了。
例2：He has undergone a nephrectomy once.→表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
c)表示截至現(xiàn)在為止的動作或狀態(tài)的繼續(xù)（continuance)
例1：He has been deaf in the left ear since the age of 18 and has experienced slight dizziness on stooping.
例2：Except fro a slight loss of energy, he has always felt well.
例3：For the past 10 years he has had persistent and high-pitched tinnitus in his left ear, consisting a buzzing sensation and, occasionally, the sounds of bells.
注：常用的連用副詞為：since, always, from, for, these, how long？
B.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式( Have been +~ing)
a)表示以前開始的動作繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)：
例1：He came here 2 weeks ago, and has been lying sick with a cold since then.
例2：The patient has recently had experience of memory loss and of spells of dizziness. For the preceding 5 years she has been receiving treatment for hypertension.
b)表示「習(xí)慣」：
例1：The patient has been smoking excessively.
例2：She has been chewing a wad of bubble gum all day.
注：常用的連用副詞為：since, for, how long？,these, form, always等。
比較：
例1：He has been learning medicine for 5 years. (繼續(xù))
例2：He has learned medicine for 5 years. (經(jīng)驗(yàn))
