第七節(jié) 不良反應
不良反應這一項中包括藥物的副作用、癥狀及體征、毒性作用及耐受力、過敏反應、停藥等�，F(xiàn)分述如下：
1.“不良反應”的常用的英語表示法有：
Adverse Reaction（s)不良反應 Unwanted（Untoward) Reaction（s)不良反應
2“副作用”的常用的英語表示法有：
Side-effect(s) 副作用 Unwanted（Undesirable) Effects 副作用
Side Reaction(s) 副作用 By-effects 副作用
3.常見的霉副反應的癥狀及體征的詞語很多，但記住下列詞語很有必要：
allergic (hypersensitive，anaphylactic)reaction(s) 過敏反應
allergy(hypersensitivity) 過敏 dizzziness 眩暈
gastrointestinal tract 胃腸道 fever 發(fā)熱
local reaction(s) 局部反應 flush 潮紅
skin reaction（s)皮膚反應 headache 頭痛
symptom（s)癥狀 nausea 惡心
systematic 全身的 pruritus 瘙癢
anorexia 厭食 rash 皮疹
blood count 白細胞計數(shù) spasm 痙攣
blood pressure 血壓 thirst 口渴
coma 昏迷 tiredness 疲倦
4.“霉性”、“耐受性”的英語表示法：
toxicity 毒性
tolerance（tolerability) 耐受力，耐藥性
tolerate（toleration) 耐受
5.“停藥”的英語表示法舉例：
abandon 停藥
discontinue（discontinuance,discontinuation) 停藥，中斷（治療)
cease（cessation)（stop)停藥（停止治療)
don't use 勿使用（停藥)
suspend 停藥
terminate 停止，結束
withdraw（be withdrawn，withdrawal)停藥
6.其他一些常見的基本詞匯及短語：
acute 急性的 control（be controlled)控制
chronic 慢性的 diminish（reduce，reduction)減少
common 常見的 disappear 消失
irreversible 不可逆的 encounter 遇到，見到
mild 輕微的 give rise to 產(chǎn)生
normal 正常的 include 包括
rare（ly)罕見的（地) lead to 導致
reverside 可逆的 manifest 表明，顯示
severe 嚴重的 observe（be observed)（被)觀察到
temporary 暫時的 produce 產(chǎn)生
transient 一過性的，短暫的 react to 對……反應
appear（develop，happen，occur)出現(xiàn)（產(chǎn)生)
result from 由……引起 be reported （被)報道
result in 導致 cause (be caused by) （由……)引起
treat（treatment) 治療
special care（caution)should be exercised 特別小心（注意)
例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhaea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdomina pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus.
環(huán)丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常報道的副作用有：惡心、腹瀉、嘔吐、消化不良、腹痛、頭痛、不安、皮疹、頭暈及瘙癢。醫(yī)學.全在線www.med126.com
例2 Side-effects are rare with slow-K, as any excess potassium is rapidly excreted in the urine.
施樂凱的副作用根罕見，因為任何過量的鉀都迅速由尿排出。
例3 At the recommended dosage side-effects e.g. venous irritatiion or hypersensitivity reactions (cutaneous and mucous reactions) are only observed in isolated cases.
用推薦劑量治療時，僅見個別的靜脈刺激或過敏反應（皮膚及粘膜反應)病例。
例4 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued.
當不良反應發(fā)生時，它們往往是可逆的，停用激素后副作用即消失。
例5 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough druing the treatment.
最嚴重的副作用是骨髓損害，因此在治療期間，要經(jīng)常監(jiān)測白細胞計數(shù)。
例6 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage.
這些副作用通常在7-14日之后，或者暫時降低劑量便自行消失。
例7 With high dosage continuous infusion (more than 200mg/m2/day) over 5 to 7 days, the gastrointestinal complications are more pronounced and can on occasion lead to ileus. All side effects are reversible after cessation of therapy.
大劑量連續(xù)輸注超過 5～7日（超過 200mg／m2／日)，胃腸道并發(fā)癥更為明顯，偶爾可導致腸梗阻。停藥后副作用皆可逆轉。
例 8 In some patients nausea， dizziness，and vomiting may occur in the first days of treatment but the treatment need not be discontinued for that. In rare cases a decrease of blood pressure may appear for which a blood pressure check-up is recommended in out-patients before the treatment is initiated. If side-effects persist, lower doses should be administered.
服用本品的頭幾天，有些病人可能會出現(xiàn)惡心、頭暈和嘔吐，但不必停藥。偶有血壓下降的病例，為此，在治療開始前建議對門診患者檢測血壓。若副作用持續(xù)不消失，應減少服用劑量。
例9 Major adverse reactions (much less common than the minor adverse reactions) include inhibition of myelopoiesis, drug fever and hepatitis.
較重的不良反應（遠不及輕度不良反應常見)包括抑制骨髓細胞生成，藥物熱及肝炎。
例10 Side-effects: Loss of appetite and nausea occur in most cases, sometimes with vomiting. These symptoms are usually confined to the first few days of treatment and then tend to disappear.
副作用：多數(shù)病例出現(xiàn)食欲減退、惡心，有時嘔吐。這些癥狀通常發(fā)生在治療的最初幾天，以后逐漸消失。
